次の文を読み、以下の設問に答えよ。（東大改変）
123Somebody once went to a good deal of trouble to find out if cigarette smokers make lower college grades than non-smokers. It turned out that they did. This pleased a good many people and they have been making much of it ever since. The road to good grades, it would appear, lies in giving up smoking; and, to carry the conclusion one reasonable step further, smoking makes dull minds.
12(a)This particular study was, I believe, properly done, but it contains a common mistake which has a powerful tendency to occur in statistical material, where it is disguised by a huge number of impressive figures. It is the one that says that if B follows A, then A has caused B. An unjustified assumption is being made that since smoking and low grades go together, smoking causes low grades. ➊Couldn’t it just as well be the other way around? Perhaps low marks drive students not to drink but to tobacco. When it comes right down to it, (b)this conclusion is about as likely as the other and just as well supported by the evidence. But it is not nearly so satisfactory to propagandists.
123It seems a good deal more probable, however, that neither of these things has produced the other, but both are a product of some third factor. ❷Can it be that the sociable sort of fellow who takes his books less than seriously is also likely to smoke more? Or is there a clue in the fact that somebody once showed a relationship between extroversion and low grades―a closer relationship apparently than the one between grades and intelligence? Maybe extroverts smoke more than introverts. The point is that when there are many reasonable explanations ( (c) ) But many people do.
(注)
- extroversion：外向性《興味が外に向くタイプ, 社交的, 活動的な性格のこと》
- extrovert : 外交的な人
- introvert : 内向的な人
設問
問１
下線部(a) This particular study とは何についての研究か。20字以内の日本語で記せ。
問２
下線部(b) this conclusion の内容を20字以内の日本語で記せ。
問３
空所(c)を埋めるのに最も適当な英文を次の中から選び、その記号を記せ。
- you should not hesitate to draw a conclusion about the matter.
- you will have to rely on your instinct to hit upon the right one.
- you are not likely to choose one that would defeat your purpose.
- you are hardly entitled to pick one that suits your taste and insist on it.
- you should realize that there are some defects in your method of collecting and choosing samples.
問４ 下線部➊を和訳せよ。
問５ 下線部❷を和訳せよ。
